Comparison of Lipid Composition between Quasipaa spinosa Oil and Rana catesbeiana Oil and Its Effect on Lipid Accumulation in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Frog oil has been recognized for its nutritional and medicinal value. However, there is limited research on the role of frog oil in preventing obesity. In this study, we aimed to investigate the lipid composition of Quasipaa spinosa oil (QSO) and Rana catesbeiana oil (RCO) using lipidomics analysis. We compared the lipid accumulation effects of these two kinds of frog oils and soybean oil (SO) in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Additionally, we determined the gene expression related to lipid metabolism and used the nhr-49 mutant (RB1716) and sir-2.1 mutant (VC199) for validation experiments. The results showed that the lipid composition of QSO and RCO was significantly different (p < 0.05), and QSO was rich in more polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). After feeding C. elegans, the lipid accumulation of the QSO group was the lowest among the three dietary oil groups. In addition, compared with RCO and SO, QSO significantly inhibited the production of malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). The effects of three kinds of dietary oils on the fatty acid composition of C. elegans were significantly different. Compared with SO and RCO, QSO significantly up-regulated (p < 0.05) the expression of sir-2.1 and ech-1 genes. The results showed that QSO might reduce lipid accumulation through the SIRT1 and nuclear hormone signaling pathways. Such a situation was verified experimentally by the nhr-49 mutant (RB1716) and sir-2.1 mutant (VC199). This study proposed a new functional oil, laying the groundwork for developing functional foods from Quasipaa spinosa.

Different Effects of Lard and Vegetable Blend Oil on Intestinal Microorganisms, Enzyme Activity and Blood Routine in Mice.

The intake of moderate oils and fats is necessary to maintain the body's energy balance, and the fatty acid composition of different oils and fats varies in their nutrition and function. The study aimed to investigate the effects of lard and vegetable blend oil on gut microbiota, intestinal enzyme activities, and blood routine. Kunming mice were assigned to the three groups: (1) Control group (CK) was gavage administration with distilled water, (2) Plant oil group (ZWY) was gavage administration with edible vegetable blend oil, (3) Lard group (DWY) was gavage administration with lard. After 42 days, microbiological, digestive enzymes, and blood routine were performed. Compared with the CK group, Escherichia coli, Lactobacilli, and Bifidobacteria were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), the activities of protease, cellulase, amylase, and xylanase were markedly reduced (p < 0.05), the hemoglobin was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the ZWY group and DWY groups, and the hematocrit was increased in the ZWY group (p < 0.05), while other routine blood indices were increased (p > 0.05). Compared to the ZWY group, the activity of cellulase and amylase were significantly increased (p < 0.05), the intestinal microorganism and the routine blood indexes had no significant difference in the DWY group. Lard and vegetable blend oil diet affected the composition of the intestinal microorganisms, and the functions of digestive enzymes. Meanwhile, the levels of digestive enzymes may be correlated with the intestinal microbiota.

Exposure to foreign gut microbiota can facilitate rapid dietary shifts.

Dietary niche is fundamental for determining species ecology; thus, a detailed understanding of what drives variation in dietary niche is vital for predicting ecological shifts and could have implications for species management. Gut microbiota can be important for determining an organism's dietary preference, and therefore which food resources they are likely to exploit. Evidence for whether the composition of the gut microbiota is plastic in response to changes in diet is mixed. Also, the extent to which dietary preference can be changed following colonisation by new gut microbiota from different species is unknown. Here, we use Drosophila spp. to show that: (1) the composition of an individual's gut microbiota can change in response to dietary changes, and (2) ingestion of foreign gut microbes can cause individuals to be attracted to food types they previously had a strong aversion to. Thus, we expose a mechanism for facilitating rapid shifts in dietary niche over short evolutionary timescales.

Supplemental dietary oils rich in oleic acid or linoleic acid attenuate egg yolk and tissue n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid contents in laying hens co-fed oils enriched in either stearidonic acid or α-linolenic acid.

We previously reported that when laying hens were fed diets supplemented with oils enriched in α-linolenic acid (ALA) and oleic acid (OA), the deposition of n-3 PUFA in egg yolk was attenuated as compared to feeding hens a diet supplemented with the ALA-rich oil alone. The present work extends those findings to another n-3 PUFA-rich oil (stearidonic acid [SDA]-enriched soybean oil) and two other high-OA oils, suggesting that the effect is not plant oil-specific. Feeding hens a supplemental linoleic acid (LA)-rich oil plus an oil rich in either SDA or ALA also attenuated egg yolk ALA and SDA contents (Experiment 1), or egg yolk and liver ALA contents (Experiment 2), respectively, as compared to feeding the SDA- or ALA-rich oils alone. Future work should focus on the lack of neutrality of OA and LA in relation to n-3 PUFA nutrition.

Tropical Oil Consumption and Cardiovascular Disease: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses.

The health effects of saturated fat, particularly tropical oil, on cardiovascular disease are unclear. We investigated the effect of tropical oil (palm and coconut oils), lard, and other common vegetable oils (soybean and rice bran oils) that are widely used in tropical and Asian countries on lipid profiles. We performed an umbrella review of meta-analyses and systematic reviews. Electronic databases (Medline, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane) were searched up to December 2018 without language restriction. We identified nine meta-analyses that investigated the effect of dietary oils on lipid levels. Replacement of polyunsaturated fatty-acid-rich oils (PUFAs) and monounsaturated FA-rich oils (MUFAs) with palm oil significantly increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), by 3.43 (0.44-6.41) mg/dL and 9.18 (6.90-11.45) mg/dL, respectively, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), by 1.89 (1.23-2.55) mg/dL and 0.94 (-0.07-1.97) mg/dL, respectively. Replacement of PUFAs with coconut oil significantly increased HDL-c and total cholesterol -by 2.27 (0.93-3.6) mg/dL and 5.88 (0.21-11.55) mg/dL, respectively-but not LDL-c. Substituting lard for MUFAs and PUFAs increased LDL-c-by 8.39 (2.83-13.95) mg/dL and 9.85 (6.06-13.65) mg/dL, respectively-but not HDL-c. Soybean oil substituted for other PUFAs had no effect on lipid levels, while rice bran oil substitution decreased LDL-c. Our findings show the deleterious effect of saturated fats from animal sources on lipid profiles. Replacement of unsaturated plant-derived fats with plant-derived saturated fats slightly increases LDL-c but also increases HDL-c, which in turn may exert a neutral effect on cardiovascular health.

Differential Deleterious Impact of Highly Saturated Versus Monounsaturated Fat Intake on Vascular Function, Structure, and Mechanics in Mice.

Vegetable oils such as palm oil (enriched in saturated fatty acids, SFA) and high-oleic-acid sunflower oil (HOSO, containing mainly monounsaturated fatty acids, MUFA) have emerged as the most common replacements for trans-fats in the food industry. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of SFA and MUFA-enriched high-fat (HF) diets on endothelial function, vascular remodeling, and arterial stiffness compared to commercial HF diets. Five-week-old male C57BL6J mice were fed a standard (SD), a HF diet enriched with SFA (saturated oil-enriched Food, SOLF), a HF diet enriched with MUFA (unsaturated oil-enriched Food, UOLF), or a commercial HF diet for 8 weeks. Vascular function was analyzed in the thoracic aorta. Structural and mechanical parameters were assessed in mesenteric arteries by pressure myography. SOLF, UOLF, and HF diet reduced contractile responses to phenylephrine and induced endothelial dysfunction in the thoracic aorta. A significant increase in the ß-index, and thus in arterial stiffness, was also detected in mesenteric arteries from the three HF groups, due to enhanced deposition of collagen in the vascular wall. SOLF also induced hypotrophic inward remodeling. In conclusion, these data demonstrate a deleterious effect of HF feeding on obesity-related vascular alterations that is exacerbated by SFA.

Interactions between lipid source and vitamin A on broiler performance, blood parameters, fat and protein deposition rate, and bone development.

A total of 2622 male broilers were distributed in a 2 × 5 factorial design, using 2 lipid sources (soybean oil and palm fat), 5 levels of vitamin A supplementation (0, 3,000, 6,000, 12,000, and 24,000 IU kg-1), with 10 replicates, and also 1 control diet (CD) for each lipid source used (7 replicates), each experimental unit being composed of 23 birds. During the first 21 d (how were the birds fed) and from 22 to 42 d of age, a redistribution of the treatments was carried out in a 2 × 2 × 5 factorial design: half of the repetitions of each treatment received the diet of the initial treatment, and the others received the CD with its type of lipid source. In the phase from 1 to 21 d of age, the effect of lipid source on feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR), and the effect of vitamin supplementation on FI and weight gain (WG) were observed, with a quadratic response for both variables. At 42 d of age, the lipid source and vitamin A level influenced the FI, whereas the WG and FCR showed interactions between period and the level of vitamin A supplementation. Neither lipid source resulted in blood parameters out of the typical pattern for birds, and the same was observed in relation to dietary vitamin A supplementation. From 1 to 21 d of age, a vitamin A supplementation of 15,585 IU kg-1 was estimated, and at 42 d, 15,527 IU kg-1 and 15,148 IU kg -1 were estimated for the periods 1 to 21 d and 1 to 42 d, respectively.

Dietary Omega-3 Source Effect on the Fatty Acid Profile of Intramuscular and Perimuscular Fat-Preliminary Study on a Rat Model.

Fatty acids from the omega-3 family are an important element of both human and animal diets. Their activity involves a range of functions for the functioning of a whole organism, and their presence in animal diets can be considered as a means for animal origin product enrichment for human benefit or as compounds profitable for an animal's health status. The aim of this preliminary study was to compare the effect of supplements rich in omega-3 fatty acids (linseed oil, linseed oil ethyl esters, and fish oil) in rat feed on the fatty acid profile of their intramuscular and perimuscular fat. The results demonstrated beneficial changes in fatty acid profiles (a decrease in saturated acids, an increase in unsaturated ones, i.e., omega-3 acids share) of examined tissues in the case of all supplements however, particular attention should be paid to linseed oil ethyl esters, which significantly increased the content of all omega-3 acids. Supplementation of animal diet with linseed oil ethyl esters may be beneficial for both animals, as omega-3 fatty acids exhibit profitable properties related to an animal's health status and productivity, and humans who consume such enriched products.

Comparison of Dietary Oils with Different Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid n-3 and n-6 Content in the Rat Model of Cutaneous Wound Healing.

Dietary supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) n-3 can affect cutaneous wound healing; however, recent findings demonstrate the variable extent of their influence on the quality of healing. Here, we compare the effect of several dietary oils, containing different levels of PUFA n-3 and PUFA n-6, on wound healing in the rat model. Rats were fed the feed mixture with 8% palm oil (P), safflower oil (S), fish oil (F) or Schizochytrium microalga extract (Sch) and compared to the animals fed by control feed mixture (C). Dorsal full-thickness cutaneous excisions were performed after 52 days of feeding and skin was left to heal for an additional 12 days. Histopathological analysis of skin wounds was performed, including immune cells immunolabeling and the determination of hydroxyproline amount as well as gene expression analyses of molecules contributing to different steps of the healing. Matrix-assisted-laser-desorption-ionization mass-spectrometry-imaging (MALDI-MSI) was used to determine the amount of collagen α-1(III) chain fragment in healing samples. Treatment by Schizochytrium extract resulted in decrease in the total wound area, in contrast to the safflower oil group where the size of the wound was larger when comparing to control animals. Diet with Schizochytrium extract and safflower oils displayed a tendency to increase the number of new vessels. The number of MPO-positive cells was diminished following any of oil treatment in comparison to the control, but their highest amount was found in animals with a fish oil diet. On the other hand, the number of CD68-positive macrophages was increased, with the most significant enhancement in the fish oil and safflower oil group. Hydroxyproline concentration was the highest in the safflower oil group but it was also enhanced in all other analyzed treatments in comparison to the control. MALDI-MSI signal intensity of a collagen III fragment decreased in the sequence C > S > Sch > P > F treatment. In conclusion, we observed differences in tissue response during healing between dietary oils, with the activation of inflammation observed following the treatment with oil containing high eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) level (fish oil) and enhanced healing features were induced by the diet with high content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, Schizochytrium extract).

Modulatory role of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in Nrf2-mediated redox homeostasis.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are fundamental building materials for cells and play crucial function as signaling molecules. When PUFA are used as substrates for non-enzymatic or enzymatic reactions and gut microbiota metabolism, they can generate electrophilic derivatives (called Reactive Lipid Species, RLS) that promptly form adducts with nucleophilic molecules. RLS participate in several signaling pathways, including the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, which is the key mechanism in the maintenance of redox, metabolic and protein homeostasis, as well as the regulation of inflammation. Recent studies have provided insights on the localization of enzymes that synthesise reactive oxygen or nitrogen species (ROS or RNS respectively) in plasma membrane compartments (raft/caveolae) which also harbour PUFA esters, from which free acid forms can be released by phospholipase A2 activity (PLA2), and the complex of Nrf2 with the inhibitory protein Kelch-like ECH-associated Protein 1(Keap1). Additional investigations have indicated that dietary PUFA insertion into specific plasma membrane microdomains may alter the lipid environment and thereby influence caveolar composition and cell signaling. Given that PUFA-originated RLS attack such a complex and promote the release of active Nrf2, it cannot be excluded that all the biochemical machinery for Nrf2 activation is present in caveolae, where it triggers the Nrf2-mediated adaptive response for rescuing or maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. Here, we specifically aimed to summarize current information with regard to the roles of dietary PUFA and RLS in Nrf2-mediated redox homeostasis, namely 1) their role as Nrf2 activators, 2) the significance of the in vivo conversion of PUFA into RLS and 3) the caveolar involvement in cell signaling for redox homeostasis.

Insights into the Role of Bioactive Food Ingredients and the Microbiome in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic disease mainly associated with aging and, to date, its causes are still largely unknown. It has been shown that dietary habits can accelerate or delay the occurrence of aging-related diseases; however, their potential role in IPF development has been underestimated so far. The present review summarizes the evidence regarding the relationship between diet and IPF in humans, and in animal models of pulmonary fibrosis, in which we discuss the bioactivity of specific dietary food ingredients, including fatty acids, peptides, amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and phytochemicals. Interestingly, many animal studies reveal preventive and therapeutic effects of particular compounds. Furthermore, it has been recently suggested that the lung and gut microbiota could be involved in IPF, a relationship which may be linked to changes in immunological and inflammatory factors. Thus, all the evidence so far puts forward the idea that the gut-lung axis could be modulated by dietary factors, which in turn have an influence on IPF development. Overall, the data reviewed here support the notion of identifying food ingredients with potential benefits in IPF, with the ultimate aim of designing nutritional approaches as an adjuvant therapeutic strategy.

Effects of different dietary oils on egg quality and reproductive performance in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss.

The study was conducted to evaluate effects of different dietary oils on egg quality and reproductive performance in rainbow trout. Broodfish (≈ 870 g) were fed four iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic diets differing in lipid sources: fish oil (FO), linseed oil (LO) and sesame oil (SO) as well as a commercial trout diet (CD) for about 5 months prior to spawning. Growth performance did not differ among the trout in the treatment groups. Mean diameter, volume and weight of eggs did not differ among the dietary treatments. Absolute fecundity, relative fecundity and gonadosomatic index were not affected by dietary treatment. A sub-set of eggs from females fed the experimental diets were fertilized to assess the reproductive performance of broodfish. When diets were fed, devoid of fish oil, fertilization rates were 89.2 ±â€¯5.8 and 92.1 ±â€¯4.9 %, eyeing rates were 87.3 ±â€¯5.3 and 84.1 ±â€¯4.4 % and hatching rates were 81.2 ±â€¯4.3 and 78.3 ±â€¯3.4 % in LO and SO fed fish, respectively. Fatty acid content of the eggs from broodstocks with a different nutritional history was affected by the dietary lipid sources. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), arachidonic acid (ARA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrations in females fed vegetable oil based diets were greater than the dietary concentrations. Overall, results from the present study indicate there can be inclusion of LO or SO as dietary lipid sources without compromising egg quality and reproductive performance. Furthermore, there is efficient bioconversion of 18C fatty acids to 20-22 C fatty acids in rainbow trout.

Dietary citrus peel essential oil ameliorates hypercholesterolemia and hepatic steatosis by modulating lipid and cholesterol homeostasis.

Citrus peel essential oil (CPEO) contains abundant volatile compounds and exhibits fragrance properties and beneficial pharmacological effects on humans. Herein, we aimed to investigate the effects of CPEO on the prevention of hypercholesterolemia and hepatic steatosis in high-fat diet-fed rats and identify its possible regulatory mechanisms in lipid metabolism by combining lipidomics with gene expression analysis. CPEO at effective supplementation levels of 0.5% and 0.75% significantly ameliorated hypercholesterolemia and hepatic steatosis, including decreased serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), hepatic TC and triglyceride (TG) levels, and hepatic lipid droplet accumulation. Lipidomics analysis revealed that the total levels of fatty acid (FFA), TG and cholesteryl ester (CE) classes in the liver tissue were remarkably decreased after 0.75% CPEO supplementation some of which (3 TGs and 4 CEs) might emerge as potential lipid biomarkers in response to the effects of CPEO. Furthermore, these lipidomics findings were associated with downregulation of lipogenesis-related genes SREBP-1c, ACC and FAS and upregulation of bile acid biosynthesis-related genes LXRα, CYP7A1 and CYP27A1 in the liver. This study indicated that CPEO could effectively prevent hypercholesterolemia and hepatic steatosis, possibly because of its mediation of lipid and cholesterol homeostasis by altering liver lipid metabolites and regulating lipid metabolism-related genes.

Characterization and modulation of brain lipids content of rainbow trout fed with 100% plant based diet rich in omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids DHA and EPA.

Brain functions are known to be mainly modulated by adequate dietary intake. Inadequate intake as can be an excess or significant deficiency affect cognitive processes, behavior, neuroendocrine functions and synaptic plasticity with protective or harmful effects on neuronal physiology. Lipids, in particular, ω-6 and ω-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) play structural roles and govern the different functions of the brain. Hence, the goal of this study was to characterize the whole brain fatty acid composition (precursors, enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidation metabolites) of fish model of rainbow trout fed with three experimental plant-based diet containing distinct levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 ω-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 ω-3) (0% for low, 15.7% for medium and 33.4% for high, total fatty acid content) during nine weeks. Trout fed with the diet devoid of DHA and EPA showed reduced brain content of total ω-3 LC-PUFAs, with diminution of EPA and DHA. Selected enzymatic (cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases) oxidation metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4 ω-6) decrease in medium and high ω-3 LC-PUFAs diets. On the contrary, total selected enzymatic oxidation metabolites of DHA and EPA increased in high ω-3 LC-PUFAs diet. Total selected non-enzymatic oxidation metabolites of DHA (not detected for EPA) increased in medium and high ω-3 LC-PUFAs diets. In conclusion, this work revealed for the first time in fish model the presence of some selected enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidation metabolites in brain and the modulation of brain lipid content by dietary DHA and EPA levels.

Differential effects of Chinese high-fat dietary habits on lipid metabolism: mechanisms and health implications.

BACKGROUND: The traditional Chinese diet blends lard with vegetable oil, keeping the fatty acid balance intake ratio of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids at nearly 1:1:1. However, the effects of a mixture of lard and vegetable oil on lipid metabolism have never been researched. In the present study, by simulating Chinese high-fat dietary habits, we explored the effects of a mixture of lard and vegetable oil on lipid metabolism. METHODS: We randomly assigned 50 male C57BL/6 J mice to 5 groups (10 in each group) and fed them lard, sunflower oil (SFO), soybean oil (SBO), lard blended with sunflower oil (L-SFO), or lard blended with soybean oil (L-SBO) for 12 weeks. RESULTS: We found that the final body weights of mice in the lard group were significantly higher than those of mice in the SFO and SBO groups. Body fat rate and volume of fat cell of the lard group were significantly higher than those of the SFO, SBO, and L-SBO groups. Liver triglyceride level of the lard group increased significantly compared to the other groups. Although body fat rate and liver triglyceride level in the SBO and SFO groups decreased compared to those in the other groups, the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol/low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio were also significantly decreased in the SBO and SFO groups. CONCLUSIONS: We found that a lard diet induced accumulation of body fat, liver and serum lipids, which can increase the risk of obesity, non-alcoholic fatty acid liver disease, and atherosclerosis. The vegetable oil diet resulted in cholesterol metabolism disorders even though it did not lead to obesity. The mixed oil diet induced body fat accumulation, but did not cause lipid accumulation in the liver and serum. Thus, differential oil/fat diets have an impact on differential aspects in mouse lipid metabolism.

Alterations of the fatty acid composition and lipid metabolome of breast muscle in chickens exposed to dietary mixed edible oils.

The fatty acid composition of chicken's meat is largely influenced by dietary lipids, which are often used as supplements to increase dietary caloric density. The underlying key metabolites and pathways influenced by dietary oils remain poorly known in chickens. The objective of this study was to explore the underlying metabolic mechanisms of how diets supplemented with mixed or a single oil with distinct fatty acid composition influence the fatty acid profile in breast muscle of Qingyuan chickens. Birds were fed a corn-soybean meal diet supplemented with either soybean oil (control, CON) or equal amounts of mixed edible oils (MEO; soybean oil : lard : fish oil : coconut oil = 1 : 1 : 0.5 : 0.5) from 1 to 120 days of age. Growth performance and fatty acid composition of muscle lipids were analysed. LC-MS was applied to investigate the effects of CON v. MEO diets on lipid-related metabolites in the muscle of chickens at day 120. Compared with the CON diet, chickens fed the MEO diet had a lower feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05), higher proportions of lauric acid (C12:0), myristic acid (C14:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1n-7), oleic acid (C18:1n-9), EPA (C20:5n-3) and DHA (C22:6n-3), and a lower linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) content in breast muscle (P < 0.05). Muscle metabolome profiling showed that the most differentially abundant metabolites are phospholipids, including phosphatidylcholines (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), which enriched the glycerophospholipid metabolism (P < 0.05). These key differentially abundant metabolites - PC (14:0/20:4), PC (18:1/14:1), PC (18:0/14:1), PC (18:0/18:4), PC (20:0/18:4), PE (22:0/P-16:0), PE (24:0/20:5), PE (22:2/P-18:1), PE (24:0/18:4) - were closely associated with the contents of C12:0, C14:0, DHA and C18:2n-6 in muscle lipids (P < 0.05). The content of glutathione metabolite was higher with MEO than CON diet (P < 0.05). Based on these results, it can be concluded that the diet supplemented with MEO reduced the feed conversion ratio, enriched the content of n-3 fatty acids and modified the related metabolites (including PC, PE and glutathione) in breast muscle of chickens.

Replacing Saturated Fat With Unsaturated Fat in Western Diet Reduces Foamy Monocytes and Atherosclerosis in Male Ldlr-/- Mice.

OBJECTIVE: A Mediterranean diet supplemented with olive oil and nuts prevents cardiovascular disease in clinical studies, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. We investigated whether the preventive effect of the diet could be due to inhibition of atherosclerosis and foamy monocyte formation in Ldlr-/- mice fed with a diet in which milkfat in a Western diet (WD) was replaced with extra-virgin olive oil and nuts (EVOND). Approach and Results: Ldlr-/- mice were fed EVOND or a Western diet for 3 (or 6) months. Compared with the Western diet, EVOND decreased triglyceride and cholesterol levels but increased unsaturated fatty acid concentrations in plasma. EVOND also lowered intracellular lipid accumulation in circulating monocytes, indicating less formation of foamy monocytes, compared with the Western diet. In addition, compared with the Western diet, EVOND reduced monocyte expression of inflammatory cytokines, CD36, and CD11c, with decreased monocyte uptake of oxLDL (oxidized LDL [low-density lipoprotein]) ex vivo and reduced CD11c+ foamy monocyte firm arrest on vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin-coated slides in an ex vivo shear flow assay. Along with these changes, EVOND compared with the Western diet reduced the number of CD11c+ macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions and lowered atherosclerotic lesion area of the whole aorta and aortic sinus. CONCLUSIONS: A diet enriched in extra-virgin olive oil and nuts, compared with a Western diet high in saturated fat, lowered plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels, inhibited foamy monocyte formation, inflammation, and adhesion, and reduced atherosclerosis in Ldlr-/- mice.

Impacts of replacement of dietary fish oil by vegetable oils on growth performance, anti-oxidative capacity, and inflammatory response in large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea.

A 12-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacement of dietary fish oil by palm and linseed oils on the growth performance, anti-oxidative capacity, and inflammatory responses of large yellow croaker (initial body weight: 36.82 ± 0.29 g). The control diet was designed to contain 6.5% of fish oil, and named as FO. On the basis of the control diet, the fish oil was 100% replaced by palm and linseed oils, and these two diets were named as PO and LO, respectively. Results showed that the specific growth rate significantly reduced in the PO and LO groups. Crude lipid content in liver of fish fed FO was significantly lower than that in the PO and LO groups. Fatty acid composition in liver reflected the dietary input. Compared with the FO group, palm oil inclusion significantly decreased expressions of superoxide dismutase 1, catalase, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 in liver, while linseed oil inclusion significantly increased expressions of above genes. However, both of the PO and LO groups had a significantly lower total anti-oxidative capacity in liver than the fish fed FO. Dietary palm and linseed oils significantly decreased expressions of arginase I and interleukin 10, and increased expressions of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1ß, toll-like receptor 22, and myeloid differentiation factor 88 in liver. In conclusion, total replacement of dietary fish oil by palm and linseed oils could suppress growth performance and liver anti-oxidative capacity, and induce inflammatory responses of large yellow croaker.

Dietary Fat and Cardiovascular Disease: Ebb and Flow Over the Last Half Century.

Dietary modification has been the cornerstone of cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention since the middle of the last century when the American Heart Association (AHA) first issued recommendations. For the vast majority of that time the focus has been on saturated fat, with or without concomitant guidance for total or unsaturated fat. Over the past few years there has been a renewed debate about the relation between dietary saturated fat and CVD risk, prompted by a series of systematic reviews that have come to what appears to be different conclusions. This triggered a robust discourse about this controversy in the media that in turn has led to confusion in the general public. The genesis of the different conclusions among the systematic reviews has been identified in several studies on the basis of isocaloric substitution analyses. When the data were analyzed on the basis of polyunsaturated fat replacing saturated fat, there was a positive relation between dietary saturated fat and CVD. When the data were analyzed on the basis of carbohydrate replacing saturated fat, there was a null relation between dietary saturated fat and CVD. When the substitution macronutrient was not taken into consideration, the differential effects of the macronutrient substitution went unrecognized and the relations judged as null. The lack of distinction among substituted macronutrients accounted for much of what appeared to be discrepancies. Dietary guidance consistent with replacing foods high in saturated fat with foods high in unsaturated fat, first recommended more than 50 y ago, remains appropriate to this day.

Preventive Effect of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid and Vitamin E in Rice Bran Oil on Lifestyle-Related Diseases.

The dietary fat intake of Japanese is thought to be more appropriate than in Western countries; however there is a range of differences of individuals in the amounts of fat intake and n-6/n-3 ratio. Therefore, it is important what kind of vegetable oils are used for cooking in order to consider the total balance of fat intake. Rice bran oil (RBO) is expected to reduce plasma cholesterol and be useful for prevention of cardiovascular disease because it contains several effective ingredients. RBO is rich in linoleic and oleic acid. RBO contains γ-oryzanol, which is well known to reduce plasma cholesterol levels. Furthermore, it contains tocotrienols, which are analogs of vitamin E, reported to have unique bioactivity different from that of α-tocopherol. The biological function of these components and their potential to prevent Japanese lifestyle-related diseases are discussed.